WaterSolutions Water Chemistry and Pretreatment

Our membrane specialists have prepared a library of materials on water chemistry and pretreatment requirements and methods. Use of the materials below will assist in system design and optimization.

Water Chemistry and Pretreatment Introduction (39KB PDF)

Feedwater Type and Analysis (133KB PDF)

Scale Control

Scale Control Introduction (57KB PDF)

Scale Control by Acid Addition and Scale Inhibitor Addition (63KB PDF)

Softening with a Strong Acid Cation Exchange Resin and Dealkalization with a Weak Acid Cation Exchange Resin (39KB PDF)

Lime Softening (35KB PDF)

Preventive Cleaning and Adjustment of Operating Variables (28KB PDF)

Scaling Calculations

Scaling Calculations (57KB PDF)

Calcium Carbonate Scale Prevention (199KB PDF)

Calcium Sulfate Scale Prevention (157KB PDF)

Barium Sulfate Scale Prevention (60KB PDF)

Strontium Sulfate Scale Prevention (94KB PDF)

Calcium Fluoride Scale Prevention (88KB PDF)

Silica Scale Prevention (88KB PDF)

Calcium Phosphate Scale Prevention (56KB PDF)

Fouling Prevention

Assessment of the Colloidal Fouling Potential (62KB PDF)

Media Filtration (27KB PDF)

Oxidation - Filtration (27KB PDF)

In-line Filtration and Coagulation-Flocculation (28KB PDF)

Microfiltration / Ultrafiltration (23KB PDF)

Cartridge Microfiltration (26KB PDF)

Other Methods - Design and Operational Considerations (24KB PDF)

Design and Operational Considerations (24KB PDF)

Biological Fouling Prevention - Introduction (30KB PDF)

Prevention of Fouling by Organics (40KB PDF)

Prevention of Membrane Degradation (23KB PDF)

Prevention of Iron and Manganese Fouling (40KB PDF)

Prevention of Aluminum Fouling (35KB PDF)

Biological Fouling

Assessment of the Biological Fouling Potential (33KB PDF)

Chlorination - Dechlorination (53KB PDF)

Sodium Bisulfite (24KB PDF)

DBNPA (40KB PDF)

Combined Chlorine (23KB PDF)

Other Sanitization Agents, Biofiltration, MF-UF, UV Irradiation, Use of FR Membranes (40KB PDF)

Treatment of Feedwater Containing Hydrogen Sulfide (37KB PDF)

Guidelines for Feedwater Quality (43KB PDF)

Summary of Pretreatment Options (100KB PDF)